Walt Whitman's democratic society - dream or reality Essay

Walt Whitman's majority rule society - dream or reality - Essay Example In a perfect world, the result of the Civil War influenced the acknowledgment of a genuinely American popularity based society as in it maintained the privileges of the individuals as people and it fortified their jobs in guaranteeing that the state is going by a legislature that is picked by the individuals and responsible to it. The changes that were embraced after the war incorporate those about constituent issues, correspondence, the bill of rights, among different variables that characterized the relationship of the individuals and the state in America. Especially, social liberties enactments particularly those prohibiting racial separation were passed. In more than 30 years, in excess of twelve states in the North and West passed social equality rules building up their own antidiscrimination strategies. (Perry and Smith 71) This fitted Whitman’s vision, changing his vision into the real world. These social equality activities affirmed Whitman’s position with respe ct to the heavenly nature of the person. In the Democratic Vistas, for instance, he kept up that: It stays to present and alter everything else with that Something a man is, (last valuable encouragement of the working poor), standing separated from all else, divine in his own right, and a lady in hers, sole and distant by any ordinances of power, or any standard got from point of reference, state security, the demonstrations of lawmaking bodies. (16) The Gilded Age in all actuality, notwithstanding, contrasted notably from the fair talk of the Civil Rights and the improvements that was as far as anyone knows accomplished after the Civil War and the Restoration. Now, for example, there was the redefinition of freedom and property as those rights inside this zone were progressively utilized by the rich and huge enterprises to control and adventure normal individuals. As indicated by Moore (2005), the ability to speak freely is important for majority rules system just as Whitman’s contentions since it protects and advances popular government and self-government.

Lewin’s Leadership Styles

Therapist Kurt Lewin built up his initiative styles structure during the 1930s, and it gave the establishment of a large number of the methodologies that followed a short time later. He contended that there are three significant initiative styles:Autocratic pioneers settle on choices without speaking with their colleagues, regardless of whether their information would be valuable. This can be suitable when you have to settle on choices immediately, when there's no requirement for group input, and when group understanding isn't essential for an effective result. In any case, this style can be dispiriting, and it can prompt elevated levels of truancy and staff turnover. Popularity based pioneers settle on a ultimate choices, however they incorporate colleagues in the dynamic procedure. They energize innovativeness, and individuals are frequently profoundly occupied with tasks and choices. Therefore, colleagues will in general have high employment fulfillment and high profitability. Thi s isn't generally a successful style to utilize, however, when you have to settle on a speedy choice. Free enterprise pioneers give their colleagues a great deal of opportunity by they way they accomplish their work, and how they set their deadlines.They offer help with assets and guidance if necessary, however else they don't get included. This self-governance can prompt high employment fulfillment, however it very well may be harming if colleagues don't deal with their time well, or on the off chance that they don't have the information, abilities, or self inspiration to accomplish their work adequately. (Free enterprise initiative can likewise happen when administrators don't have command over their work and their kin.) Lewin's system is mainstream and valuable, since it urges supervisors to be less totalitarian than they may naturally be.The Blake-Mouton Managerial GridThe Blake-Mouton Managerial Grid was distributed in 1964, and it features the best authority style to utilize, in view of your anxiety for your kin and your anxiety for creation/tasks.With a people-situated authority style, you center around sorting out, supporting, and building up your colleagues. This participatory style supports great cooperation and innovative collaboration.With task-situated authority, you center around taking care of business. You characterize the work and the jobs required, set up structures, and plan, compose, and screen work.According to this model, the best initiative style to utilize is one that has both a high worry for individuals and a high worry for the errand †it contends that you should focus on both, instead of attempting to counterbalance one against the other. Unmistakably, this is a significant idea!The Hersey-Blanchard Situational Leadershipâ ® TheoryFirst distributed in 1969, the Hersey-Blanchard Situational Leadership Theory contends that you have to utilize diverse administration styles relying upon the development of your colleagues. The model contends that with moderately juvenile people, you need an all the more coordinating methodology, while with higher development individuals, you need a progressively participative or assigning initiative style.You can utilize this model in many business circumstances, whether or not you need to fabricate another group or build up a current one.Path-Goal TheoryYou may likewise need to consider what your colleagues need and need. This is the place Path-Goal Theory †distributed in 1971 †is useful.For model, profoundly fit individuals, who are alloted to a perplexing undertaking, will require an alternate administration come closer from individuals with low capacity, who are relegated to a vague errand. (The previous will need a participative methodology, while the last should be determined what to do.)With Path-Goal Theory, you can distinguish the best authority way to deal with use, in light of your kin's needs, the assignment that they're doing, and the condition that they 're working in.Six Emotional Leadership StylesDaniel Goleman, Richard Boyatzis, and Annie McKee point by point their Six Emotional Leadership Styles hypothesis in their 2002 book, â€Å"Primal Leadership.†The hypothesis features the qualities and shortcomings of six administration styles that you can utilize †Visionary, Coaching, Affiliative, Democratic, Pacesetting, and Commanding. It additionally shows how each style can influence the feelings of your group members.Flamholtz and Randle's Leadership Style MatrixFirst distributed in 2007, Flamholtz and Randle's Leadership Style Matrix shows you the best authority style to utilize, in view of how able individuals are of functioning self-rulingly, and how innovative or â€Å"programmable† the errand is.The grid is isolated into four quadrants †every quadrant recognizes two potential initiative styles that will be compelling for a given circumstance, going from â€Å"autocratic/altruistic autocratic† to à ¢â‚¬Å"consensus/laissez-faire.†Transformational LeadershipThese administration style systems are for the most part helpful in various circumstances, nonetheless, in business, â€Å"transformational initiative † is regularly the best authority style to utilize. (This was first distributed in 1978, and was then additionally created in 1985.)Transformational pioneers have trustworthiness and high passionate knowledge . They propel individuals with a common vision of things to come, and they impart well. They're likewise normally mindful , legitimate , compassionate , and humble .Transformational pioneers motivate their colleagues since they anticipate the best from everybody, and they consider themselves responsible for their activities. They set clear objectives, and they have great compromise abilities . This prompts high profitability and engagement.However, initiative isn't a â€Å"one size fits all† thing; frequently, you should adjust your way to deal with fit the circumstance. This is the reason it's valuable to build up an intensive comprehension of other authority structures and styles; after all,â the more methodologies you're acquainted with, the more adaptable you can be.Specific Leadership StylesAs well as understanding the systems that you can use to be a progressively successful pioneer, and realizing the stuff to be a transformational pioneer, it's likewise helpful to find out about increasingly broad administration styles, and the preferences and drawbacks of each one.Let's investigate some other initiative styles that are fascinating, however don't fit with any of the systems above.

Top Tips on How to Use Grad Essay Samples

Top Tips on How to Use Grad Essay SamplesGraduate essays can be quite tricky as it involves knowing the right words to use and the incorrect words to use. If you want to create a well-written thesis paper, it is important that you practice writing essay.Finding real examples is one way to help you see what you are doing wrong. Keep in mind that it is much easier to spot a mistake in a short essay than in a longer one. Remember that your goal is to create a convincing argument that will hold up in a jury trial or court of law.Writers tend to look for proofreading services. One thing that they are looking for is grammar, spelling, punctuation, and sentence structure. To better your chances of getting the job, make sure that you send in several samples of your work. Here are some examples of good sentences that you should include.If you have a lot of proofreading to do, you might want to consider outsourcing. You can find companies that offer a variety of services that include proofread ing services. Ask them if they can check your work and tell you if it is acceptable. The bottom line is that you will be happier when you hire someone to proofread your essay.No matter what kind of grad school essay you have to write, it is important that you avoid plagiarism. Remember that you should create your own ideas, so that you don't have to worry about having ideas stolen from other sources. Some people use third party sources for their ideas, but this is where you want to make sure that you are not plagiarizing.You also want to avoid copying someone else's ideas. It is very easy to get ideas and thoughts from other people, but sometimes you will need to create your own ideas to make your essay unique. You should make sure that you are writing your own ideas because it will make the essay interesting people are going to read your work.Most grad students use online writing programs, such as Notepad, Word, or some other software that you can download free. Remember that it is possible to write essays without the use of this software. However, most students are fine with using this program because it is usually very easy to use. This is one of the many reasons why it is good to hire proofreaders.Writing a thesis is stressful enough for any graduate student. It can be even more stressful when you run into problems and don't know how to solve them. With all of the tools available for use, you should feel comfortable with your abilities. You will feel much more confident when you take your first proofreading session.

Essay about Interview Report Leadership in the...

Introduction Leadership is increasingly important in todays society. Many experts and scholars point out that the current leadership crisis concerns moral and character problems in many leaders (Ahn, Ettner, Loupin, 2012; Callahan, 2004; Wright Quick, 2011). The following interview report is intended primarily for exploration and comparison of the traits and characteristics of leadership. A leader of a clinical medicine centre was interviewed for this report. The purpose of this report is to explore the leadership characters and traits, and how they can be developed in this turbulent environment. First, I make a brief introduction regarding the background of the respondent and her working environment. The report also describes this†¦show more content†¦She has other doctors who work under her with the same ideology. All of they want to service the community to see people improve their health, to be their friends, to listen to them when patients have problems and to be their helpers as they go through really hard time. They want the patients to really regard them as friends, and trust them as family members (Fioravante, 2013; Gregory, 2013; Kornà ¸r Nordvik, 2004). 2) Clearly defined the goal The respondent said that the establishment of a medical centre requires many different role and function of the people to join the team, who come from different backgrounds and different training environments. When established the medical centre, there are many people who want to work together with different goals and purposes, such as people with individual interests and profitable purposes. Therefore, this leader must be very clear the goals and objectives of this medical centre, in order to carefully selected cooperation partners and team group. This leader believes that as long as the same goals and vision, leading everyone to work together will become less difficult (Fioravante, 2013; Gregory, 2013; Winning leadership traits, 2008). 3) Humble, non-discriminatory/equal treatment attitude The leader said: ‘I do not see myself as a boss, I see the team as my co-worker, we all joining the team together to go to the same goal. I think it is importantShow MoreRelatedHealth Center At Texas State University1370 Words   |  6 PagesThis is a report of an Interview with Karen Gordon-Sosby, associate director at Texas State Student Health Center. Karen is a highly motivated professional, an experienced healthcare administrator and appears to possess inherent management and leadership skills that are quite significant and noteworthy. Her expertise in performing the indispensable task in managing and analyzing financial records, brings a unique blend of health administration and public health prowess to the healthcare industryRead MoreWorking At Texas State Health Center1645 Words   |  7 PagesThis report is a compilation of our conversation with Karen Gordon - Sosby, associate director at the Texas State University Student Health Center made for an interview report . Ms. Karan has been working at Texas state health center for 23 years. She started her career with a public health degree in health education and a business degree in accounting and later moved to administration. Interestingly she has been working at a single place from the start of her health administration career; she madeRead MoreQuality Improvement And Health Care Delivery System1657 Words   |  7 Pagessignificant for the organization to provide quality health care delivery system. The patient’s safety and satisfaction are greatly achieved through the organization’s leadership, commitment, and initiatives. Quality initiatives can help the organization maximize resources in delivering quality and standard health care services. This paper aims to discuss the importance of quality improvement, contribution of health information technology system in quality improvement, and examined the government policies thatRead MoreThe Life Of Ronald G.981 Words   |  4 Pag estraining. Regardless of the changes, health care organizations must conserve excellent services. The purpose of this report is to recapitulate information shared throughout an interview between Dr. Kyle Grazier and Ronald G. Spaeth. The interview gave readers insight on Spaeth’s work, educational background, awards highlighted, and his philosophies or strategies for health care. This report will also enclose the biggest obstacles that Spaeth believes today’s health care administrator is facing in additionRead MoreFrom Viewers And Cohorts. After, Klas Identifies Key Insights1557 Words   |  7 Pagesfrom viewers and cohorts. After, KLAS identifies key insights from interviews. Afterward, KLAS make the decisions manufactured from the analysis and publish for public review. The next header provides tools and resources such as industry reports, performance reviews, insight, and analysis. Kent, Leonard, Adam, and Scott (KLAS) partners with healthcare professionals to provide â€Å"unlimited access to peer review and scores for hundreds of products and vendors† (KLAS). At the end of the page is the KLASRead MoreAssignment : Conflict Resolution Interview1264 Words   |  6 PagesAssignment 2: Conflict Resolution—Interview Professional Interviewed The professional I interview acquire a Ph.D. in Human Services/Public Health, with a concentration in: Healthcare Administration. In addition; to obtaining a RN license, as well as a University Professor; also owner of a Healthcare agency. My interviewee was confronted with a Group-to-group conflict: The term group suggests oneness or sameness. In this type of conflict, each group (rather than the individual) has taken anRead MoreLeadership Analysis : Leadership Gap775 Words   |  4 PagesNext, the topic of leadership gap is addressed by one of the Center for Creative Leadership (CCL)’s articles. The contents of this article by Patterson, Champion, Browning, Torain, Harrison, Gurvis, Fleenor Campbell (2015) are prioritizing competencies, understanding effectiveness, identifying the issue and closing the gap. In this study, CCL conducted a survey to identify the leadership priority and current skills, then introduce the effectiveness of CCL’s framework to cultivate the knowledgeableRead MoreEssential Characteristics Of A Leader1148 Words   |  5 Pagesdetails of a problem, deters the team from achieving the overall goal. Incident reports remain vital to the process of learning.† Rene continued t o emphasis that by filling out incident reports individuals can analyze a situation or process and determine where the flaws or errors remain present. Without incident reports and learning from mistakes, growth remains difficult. Diana S. Contino (2011), author of â€Å"Leadership Competencies: Knowledge, Skills, and Aptitudes Nurses Need to Lead OrganizationsRead MoreThe Legal Aspects Of The Health Forecasting Course Essay919 Words   |  4 Pagessuch as fact sheets, calls to action, and the window of opportunity provide the best opportunity for influencing health policy. The most expensive aspect of healthcare is the staffing required for the complex task of healing patients. During the course we learned the legal aspects of human resources, importance of job descriptions and interview tactics. Good forecasting and budgeting provides financial stability and the ability to confidently care for patients. The health forecasting course providedRead MoreImportance And Benefits Of Quality Improvement1349 Words   |  6 PagesNursing Leadership and Management Importance and Benefits of Quality Improvement Quality improvement (QI) involves the regular and constant actions that enable measurable improvement in health care. QI results in enhanced health services, organizational efficiency, quality and safe care to patients, and desired health outcomes for individuals and patient populations (U. S. Department of Health and Human Service, 2011). A successful quality improvement program is patient-centered, a collaboration

John Muir Biography

John Muir is a significant figure of the 19th century as he stood opposed to the exploitation of natural resources at a time when many believed the resources of the earth were infinite. Muirs writings were influential, and as co-founder and first president of the Sierra Club, he was an icon and inspiration to the conservation movement. He is widely remembered as the father of the National Parks. As a young man, Muir demonstrated an unusual talent for building and maintaining mechanical devices. And his skill as a machinist might have made a very good living in a rapidly industrializing society. Yet his love of nature drew him away from workshops and factories. And he would joke about how he gave up pursuing the life of a millionaire to live like a tramp. Early Life John Muir was born at Dunbar, Scotland on April 21, 1838. As a small boy, he enjoyed the outdoors, climbing hills and rocks in the rough Scottish countryside. His family sailed to America in 1849 with no apparent destination in mind but wound up settling on a farm in Wisconsin. Muir’s father was tyrannical and ill-suited to farm life, and young Muir, his brothers and sisters, and his mother did much of the work on the farm. After receiving some infrequent schooling and educating himself by reading what he could, Muir was able to attend the University of Wisconsin to study science. He gave up college to pursue various jobs which relied on his unusual mechanical aptitude. As a young man, he received recognition for being able to make working clocks out of carved wooden pieces and also inventing various useful gadgets. Travels to the American South and West During the Civil War, Muir moved across the border to Canada to avoid being conscripted. His action was not viewed as a terribly controversial maneuver at a time when others could legally buy their way out of the draft. After the war, Muir moved to Indiana, where he used his mechanical skills in factory work until an accident nearly blinded him. With his sight mostly restored, he fixated on his love of nature and decided to see more of the United States. In 1867 he embarked on an epic hike from Indiana to the Gulf of Mexico. His ultimate goal was to visit South America. After reaching Florida, Muir became ill in the tropical climate. He abandoned his plan to go to South America, and eventually caught a boat to New York, where he then caught another boat that would take him â€Å"around the horn† to California. John Muir arrived in San Francisco in late March 1868. That spring he walked to the place that would become his spiritual home, Californias spectacular Yosemite Valley. The valley, with its dramatic granite cliffs and majestic waterfalls, touched Muir deeply and he found it difficult to leave. At that time, parts of Yosemite were already protected from development, thanks to the Yosemite Valley Grant Act signed by President Abraham Lincoln in 1864. Early tourists were already coming to view the astonishing scenery, and Muir took a job working in a sawmill owned by one of the early innkeepers in the valley. Muir stayed in the vicinity of Yosemite, exploring the area, for most of the next decade. Settling Down, for a Time After returning from a trip to Alaska to study glaciers in 1880, Muir married Louie Wanda Strentzel, whose family owned a fruit ranch not far from San Francisco. Muir began working the ranch, and became reasonably prosperous in the fruit business, thanks to the attention to detail and enormous energy he typically poured into his pursuits. Yet the life of a farmer and businessman didn’t satisfy him. Muir and his wife had a somewhat unconventional marriage for the time. As she recognized that he was most happy in his travels and explorations, she encouraged him to travel while she remained at home on their ranch with their two daughters. Muir often returned to Yosemite, and also made several more trips to Alaska. Yosemite National Park Yellowstone was named the first National Park in the United States in 1872, and Muir and others began to campaign in the 1880s for the same distinction for Yosemite. Muir published a series of magazine articles making his case for further protection of Yosemite. Congress passed legislation declaring Yosemite a National Park in 1890, thanks in large part to Muir’s advocacy. The Founding of the Sierra Club A magazine editor with whom Muir had worked, Robert Underwood Johnson, suggested that some organization should be formed to continue to advocate for Yosemite’s protection. In 1892, Muir and Johnson founded the Sierra Club, and Muir served as its first president. As Muir put it, the Sierra Club was formed to â€Å"do something for wildness and make the mountains glad.† The organization continues at the forefront of the environmental movement today, and Muir, of course, is a powerful symbol of the club’s vision. Friendships When the writer and philosopher Ralph Waldo Emerson visited Yosemite in 1871, Muir was virtually unknown and still working in a sawmill. The men met and became good friends, and continued corresponding after Emerson returned to Massachusetts. John Muir gained considerable fame in his life through his writings, and when notable people visited California and specifically Yosemite they often sought his insights. In 1903 President Theodore Roosevelt visited Yosemite and was guided about by Muir. The two men camped under the stars in the Mariposa Grove of giant Sequoia trees, and their campfire conversation helped form Roosevelts own plans for conserving Americas wilderness. The men also posed for an iconic photograph atop Glacier Point. When Muir died in 1914, his obituary in the New York Times noted his friendships with Thomas Edison and President Woodrow Wilson. Legacy In the 19th century, many Americans believed natural resources should be consumed with no limits. Muir was utterly opposed to this concept, and his writings presented an eloquent counterpoint to the exploitation of the wilderness. Its difficult to imagine the modern conservation movement without the influence of Muir. And to this day he casts an enormous shadow over how people live, and conserve, in the modern world.

Child Needs A Single Parent - 1072 Words

The thought of being raised by only one parent seems impossible to many, yet over the last decade it has become more prevalent. Today, many children have grown to become emotionally mature and even victorious, whether they were guided through the mysteries of life with one parent or two. The dilemma is bestowed in between comprising one parent versus both as a single-family unit. Thoughts very from different specs, as one might argue a child needs a male role model while the other debates the governmental advantages of being a single parent. With much thought, this issue has developed into a very fascinating topic of discussion, from points of agreement and thorough disagreements. In my opinion, the community is unaware of valuable†¦show more content†¦Over sixty percent of today’s population is representing children in single parent families. That percentage is extremely difficult to comprehend as it basically illustrates what fraction is put into a relationship befo re declaring to have a child. Not all adults act in providing for their child with simple tasks. Parents whom ultimately did or do not seem to have the confidence and or ability to simply provide for their child, should have reutilized their options and prevented the occasion from happening. Un-expectancy is also very common, although such knowledge and awareness of becoming pregnant should already be imprinted on adults at such age, thus there is no excuse. By deciding to have a adolescent, and you unconditionally love that child, at that point the choice of abandonment is not present. There are many ways of enhancing your child s growth, as it potentially relates to applying yourself to that child with time and social interactions. From personal experience, my father passed away when I was young therefor I did not have him around while growing up. Coming from a huge background, I had an elder brother, uncles and even my grandfather there to support me in any way possible. My brother was always in my presence and allowed himself to guide me in life and ultimately developed my sense of blossoming into a young woman. In moments where my mother was unable to come home or be in our attendance, my family members allowedShow MoreRelatedSingle Parent Homes Essay1298 Words   |  6 Pages Single Parent Homes A single parent is one who is living without a spouse and/or partner. This individual takes on all of the daily responsibilities that comes with raising a child(ren). Furthermore, consider the single parent the one who provides solely for the child as they are the ones with them most of the time throughout the stint of their entire life. Even when discussing the separation of parents and/or divorce, children live with one parent who is also known as the custodial parent. WhileRead MoreChildren With A Single Parent Home1689 Words   |  7 PagesToday children that are raised in a single parent home are viewed differently than those who have both parents when being raised. Many think that having both parents at home is very important and the ideal family. â€Å"In the world today more than a third of the population is being raised with only a mother. These calculations have doubled over time and keeps growing as the days go on (Anderson, 2013).† Some say that being raised by o nly one parent is impossible, but by statistics it is proven wrongRead MoreCan Single Parents Raise Successful Children?1468 Words   |  6 PagesCan Single Parents Raise Successful Children? Lavern Francis COM 220 Instructor James York August 17, 2008 Are children who grow-up in a single parent household more likely to struggle in school, get into trouble with the law, and develop serious social problems such as low self-esteem and unhealthy relationships in the future? The myth is that a single parent cannot raise a successful child. That child who grows up in a single parent household is more likely to struggle in school, get intoRead MoreShould Single Parents be allowed to Adopt?845 Words   |  3 Pagesnumber of single-parent adoptions. Why would a successful, independent single man or woman want to give up his or her freedom and assume the responsibilities of raising a child? The trend is mainly due to the fact that the desire to nurture and share life as a family has become to be a strong need that is felt by a large number of people, and one that is not exclusively to married people or couples. The purpose of adoption is to provide children a loving and caring parent. Single parents should beRead MoreChallenges Faced By Si ngle Parents1245 Words   |  5 PagesThe Challenges Faced by Single Parents Everyone knows being a parent is hard but is being a single parent harder? When there are two parents in the home, bills are typically paid by two incomes many couples sometimes take this for granted until a parents’ status changes into a single parent household. A single parent home is faced with unimaginable struggles whether it’s financial, finding competent child care, dealing with the child’s behavior or accepting the fact they are alone; ultimately, theyRead MoreChris Polito. Paola Brown. Eng102. 25 March 2008. Single1263 Words   |  6 Pages2008 Single Parent Struggle For many years, children growing up in a single parent family have been viewed as different. Being raised by only one parent seems impossible to many yet over the decades it has become more prevalent. In today’s society many children have grown up to become emotionally stable and successful whether they had one or two parents to show them the rocky path that life bestows upon all human beings. The problem lies in the difference of children raised by single parents versusRead MoreSingle Parent Struggle : Single Parents Struggle1265 Words   |  6 Pages2008 Single Parent Struggle For many years, children growing up in a single parent family have been viewed as different. Being raised by only one parent seems impossible to many yet over the decades it has become more prevalent. In today’s society many children have grown up to become emotionally stable and successful whether they had one or two parents to show them the rocky path that life bestows upon all human beings. The problem lies in the difference of children raised by single parents versusRead MoreSingle-Parent Household Struggle769 Words   |  3 Pagescommon for a child to grow up in a one parent household. Studies show that â€Å"Almost one of every five families with children in the United States in 1979 was maintained by one parent.† (New York Times, 1980) Whether due to a divorce or one parent simply wanting nothing to do with the child, children being without both parents grow up in a different way than those with two parents. The majority of one parent households consist of the mother raising the children however, some single parent home consistsRead MoreThe Effects Of Single Parenting1181 Words   |  5 PagesEnglish 12 November 19, 2015 â€Å"The Effects of Single Parenting† A number of everyday struggles and disadvantages are experienced by single parent families today. Problems such as families have to face can range from expensive day care, economic hardship, even trouble in balancing both home and work, another problem is the ability to spend limited quality time with children. (Ambert, 2006). Single parent families can be defined as families that only have one parent taking care of the household. They areRead MoreSocial Problems Final1243 Words   |  5 Pagesof a single parent woman it would be difficult if not impossible for this parent to financially provide for herself and child on a minimum wages. The major components of their survival would be to meet the essential needs of providing shelter, food, clothing, and health insurance. If the parent is working a day job there would be the need for an afterschool program or the child staying with family. If the parent had a 2nd or 3rd shift she would also need to set up alternative care for the chil d. This

Processing of Manufacturing and Trading †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Processing of Manufacturing and Trading. Answer: Introduction: The Australian dairy products are the most famous dairy products of China that is due to the rich quality and benefits it provides. If the value of product comes for an infant, then the product which provides the best safety and has the best benefits is chosen. Therefore, the rich nutrients and heath safety of the Australian dairy products, it is the best to feed the infants and also it ranks the highest among all other dairy makers. The Australia dairy market has a really good distribution system which makes it easier for the customer to reach the product and thus leading the market in terms of choice and availability. The major difference which drives the customers to choose Australia Dairy products over the Chinese products is the quality of the commodity as well as the choice of the consumers. It is clearly seen that the crowd is much more satisfied with the Australian dairy products thus leading to the drop in the sales of Chinese dairy products (Australian Dairy Products, 2017) . The product is not only profitable for the company to earn revenue and increase sales, but also the nutrient rich and healthy product makes it very beneficial to the consumer families. All the above factors lead to increase the demand of the product thus forcing the company to manufacture more products which in turn leads to the revenue generation. A strong supply chain was maintained and thus making it useful for the company to get into import and export of the products. Management accounting practices vary in different regions and countries. Similar is the case when it comes to management accounting systems of the Chinese and Western countries. In the case of western countries, all the legal and legislative rules and regulations are followed according to the Companies Act which states that the amendments and revisions of the policies of accounting are not having any legal binding power and the formulation of the principles is done according to the National legal framework (Hwang et. al, 2008). The commands for a company can be formulated along with the ascertainment of the other rules on an individual basis as the Banking ordinances are prepared for the listed and financial institutions. It makes the base line which is used to set other standards and maintain the other bodies of accounting. China has a different case as it have initiated to use a completely new method of accounting system. The major firms of the market use the method of joint produc t costing and also budgeting. The rate of embracement of the Chinese firms has been observed to be very high when it comes to the standard costing (Fubier, 2017). When it comes to the matter of embracement of the accounting systems, then both the normative and the standard costing methods have not much things to differentiate. Guanxi will play a key role in attaining an upper hand in the process of conversion and thereafter, persuade the relationship that altogether facilitates in better dealings in business. Therefore, the interaction will be assisted by the social network and can thereafter assist in arriving at a proper process of dealing. Moreover, it must also be taken into account that the role played by Guanxi plays a key role in establishing a bond betwixt two individuals through the exchange of favors instead of sentiments (Du et. al,, 2015). Furthermore, on the other hand, power distance can be explained from the viewpoint of the people of the management. It refers to the extent to which members who are lesser powerful in the societies accept and expect that distribution of power is facilitated in an unequal manner. However, after taking into account, the overall scenario, it can be stated that Deirdre Lynch is carrying a higher prospect and that coordination or interactions with the China Dairy companys manager will be in a good pace, thereby ensuring a proper successful path. Such prospect is advantageous for the people of China and such viewpoint is already reflected to the manager of China Dairy. Besides, the dairy products based in Australia can easily take advantage of the market and gain a higher share of the market taking into account the popularity and choices offered by the company (Woodbine Scully, 2014). Nevertheless, because of the fact that the customers pursue an effective dependence on the dairy items, it will play a key role in enhancing the effectiveness of the process of export (Chow Ho, 2008). Therefore, taking into account the perceptions of the company manager of China Dairy, it can be concluded that the coordination, as well as interaction holds to be effective in such situation. References Australian Dairy Products. (2017). Promoting dairy through processing, manufacturing trading. Retrieved from https://www.adpf.org.au/index.asp Australian Government. (2017). Exporting dairy products to China. Retrieved from https://www.agriculture.gov.au/export/controlled-goods/dairy/operating-registered-establishment/china-requirements Chow D., and Ho. (2000). Openness of knowledge sharing within organizations China cf USA. Retrieved from https://interact2.csu.edu.au/bbcswebdav/pid-2070875-dt-content-rid-3019772_1/xid-3019772_1 Du et al. (2015). Auditors Role in China The Joint Effects of Guanxi. Retrieved from https://interact2.csu.edu.au/bbcswebdav/pid-2070876-dt-content-rid-3019773_1/xid-3019773_1 Fubier, BB. (2017). Content and Context- 'fair' values in China. Retrieved from https://interact2.csu.edu.au/bbcswebdav/pid-2070874-dt-content-rid-3019771_1/xid-3019771_1 Hwang, D., Staley, Y., and Lan, Y. (2008). Confucian culture and whistle blowing by professional accountants. Retrieved from https://interact2.csu.edu.au/bbcswebdav/pid-2070878-dt-content-rid-3019775_1/xid-3019775_1 Woodbine, F., and Scully, G. (2014). Guanxi - a two-edged sword. Retrieved from https://interact2.csu.edu.au/bbcswebdav/pid-2070877-dt-content-rid-3019774_1/xid-3019774_1

Endorser Essay Example

Endorser Essay This research furthers the theoretical perspectives that athlete endorsers are brands unto themselves, and that athlete-endorser effectiveness is determined by congruent pairings of the athlete-endorser brand and the product brand by introducing the Endorser Sexpertise Continuum. This model categorizes athlete celebrity endorsers on the Endorser Sexpertise Continuum with anchor points referred to as â€Å"acquirable expertise† and â€Å"likeability. As in successful brand alliances, this model suggests the types of products/brands the athlete celebrities would be most successful in endorsing, depending on their positioning on the continuum. Simmers, C. S. , Damron-Martinez, D. , Haytko, D. L. (2009). Examining the effectiveness of athlete celebrity endorser characteristics and product brand type: The Endorser Sexpertise Continuum. Journal of Sport Administration Supervision 1(1), 52-64. doi:10. 3883/v1i1_simmers; published online April, 2009. Dr. Christina S.Simmers is an a ssistant professor of marketing at Missouri State University in Springfield,Missouri. Sheholds an MBA from Nicholls State University and a PhD in marketing from Louisiana State University. Her research interests include advertising issues, consumer information processing, consumer behavior and brand alliances. Dr. Datha Damron-Martinez is an assistant professor of marketing at Truman State University in Kirksville, Missouri. She holds an MBA, an MA in Economics, and a PhD in Business Administration/Marketing from New Mexico State University.Her research interests include script use in relationship selling, sexual harassment issues in the sales environment, and unhealthy consumption patterns in the Hispanic community. Dr. Diana l. Haytko is an associate professor of marketing at Florida Gulf Coast University in Fort Myers, Florida. She holds an MBA and PhD in marketing from the University of WisconsinMadison. Her research interests include consumer response to advertising, advertisin g relationship management and cross cultural consumer behavior. ntroduction Forbes reported that the 10 richest male and female athletes made a combined $600 million in salary, prize money and endorsements, including men’s professional golfer Tiger Woods who alone earned nearly $100 million in sponsorships in 2008 (Badenhausen, 2008; Thomaselli, 2008). Interestingly, many top athlete endorsers make considerably more money as endorsers than as athletes in their chosen sport. For example from June 2007 to June 2008, female professional golfer Michelle Wie earned $12 million in endorsement money but only $39,000 in prize money.Similarly, former professional basketball player Michael Jordan made $45 million in endorsements, despite not having participated in his sport for many years (Badenhausen, 2008). Some athletes endorse a multitude of products (e. g. , National Football League quarterback Peyton Manning, Woods, and female racecar driver Danica Patrick), while others limit th emselves to products associated with their sport (e. g. , women’s professional basketball player Candace Parker) (Janoff, 2008).Recently, many have speculated the value of athlete endorsers to a brand’s image, particularly given the negative publicity surrounding such incidents as (among others) the marijuana incident of men’s Olympic swimmer Michael Phelps and the steroid scandal surrounding Major League Baseball player Alex Rodriguez. These factors beg questions as to whether, and if so, under what circumstances, athlete endorsers become effective in brand marketing. Why are some celebrities only able to successfully endorse a limited range of related products, while others can endorse a wide range of unrelated products?How does one determine the most effective combination of celebrity endorser characteristics and product brand types? An integration of the endorser and brand literature offers insight into this phenomenon. The purpose of this paper is to introd uce the Endorser Sexpertise Continuum and its 52  © 2009 †¢ Journal of Sport Administration Supervision †¢ Vol. 1, No. 1, April 2009 Simmers, Damron-Martinez, Haytko use in determining optimal fit between athlete celebrity endorsers and appropriate brands or products. First, this paper defines celebrity endorsers and examines current models of endorser effectiveness.Second, the Endorser Sexpertise Continuum is introduced and described. Third, the paper reviews literature regarding brand concept types and fit in brand alliances. Fourth, the work draws equivalence between the concepts of athletic celebrity endorsers with traditional product brands and likens endorsements to brand alliances. Fifth, the paper provides discussion of how the Endorser Sexpertise Continuum incorporates brand concept types and matchup endorsement effectiveness. Lastly, conclusions are drawn and recommendations are offered for future research. ndorSer dimenSionS The Athlete as Celebrity Endorser Defined Certain athletes are utilized by brands as endorsers of their products because of the celebrity status gained by these athletes as a result of their success in their chosen sports. According to Boorstin (1961), â€Å"[t]he celebrity is a person who is known for his well-knownness (p. 57, italics added). † In fact, Boorstin (1961) refers to celebrities as human pseudo-events, claiming that the omnipresent print and broadcast media have provided a â€Å"†¦means of fabricating well-knownness (p. 47). As such, celebrities rise and fall through the processes and whims of publicity. McCracken (1989) defines the celebrity endorser â€Å"as any individual who enjoys public recognition and who uses this recognition on behalf of a consumer good by appearing with it in an advertisement† (p. 310). According to McCracken, celebrities are believed to increase sales by lending their favorable image to a product through endorsement. Both marketers and celebrities have m uch at stake in these endeavors and therefore should be keenly interested in factors that ontribute to successful endorsements. According to the literature, endorser effectiveness can be determined based on source credibility, source attractiveness, and the attribution of endorser characteristics to the product. Models of Celebrity Endorser Effectiveness Most models of celebrity endorser effectiveness proposed by previous researchers have been based upon two basic models: the Source Credibility Model (Hovland, Janis, Kelley, 1953; Hovland Weiss, 1951) and the Source Attractiveness Model (McGuire, 1968).The Source Credibility Model purports that the effectiveness of the message is largely determined by the expertise and trustworthiness of the celebrity endorser, which offers explanations for why certain athlete endorsers such as highly successful men’s tennis professionals Andre Agassi, Rafael Nadal, and Roger Federer could easily represent any brand of tennis equipment. In a different vein, the Source Attractiveness Model purports that similarity, familiarity, and liking of celebrity endorsers primarily determine their effectiveness, which attempts to explain why some athletes such as Manning, Woods, and racecar driver Dale Earnhardt Jr. an endorse brands in many different product categories. A general measure of physical attractiveness has often been used to assess celebrity endorser effectiveness, assuming what is beautiful is good (Dion, Berscheid, Walster, 1972). However, mixed findings suggest that caution should be exercised in basing endorsement decisions on this model alone, since consumers perceive physical attractiveness differently. The Product Matchup Hypothesis (Forkan, 1980; Kahle Homer, 1985; Kamins, 1989; Kamins, 1990) emphasizes the need for a matchup, also referred to as congruency or fit, between the celebrity and the product.For example, the fit between Woods and Nike Golf 53  © 2009 †¢ Journal of Sport Administration Sup ervision †¢ Vol. 1, No. 1, April 2009 Endorser Sexpertise Continuum is undeniable. However, according to sport marketing consultant Marc Cagins, Woods has failed as an endorser for Buick because of a lack of fit: â€Å"People always shook their head as to why he did the deal anyway with Buick. If he’s going to do a deal with GM, you would have thought Cadillac more than Buick† (Thomaselli, 2008, p. 8). Research based on attractiveness matchup and expertise matchup has supported the hypothesis that celebrity/product fit remains critical to endorsement success. Kamins (1990) tested the matchup hypothesis based on attractiveness and found that the physical attractiveness of a source only mattered when an attractive source was paired with an attractiveness-related product, resulting in increased perceived source credibility and attitude toward the advertisement.Current examples would include the female tennis professionals and sisters Serena and Venus Williams’ Avon cosmetics campaign and the European men’s’ soccer star Thierry Henry/Woods/Federer Gillette campaign. In a study examining the impact of gender and physical attractiveness on responses to motorsports sponsorships (Roy, Stewart, Goss, 2003), attractiveness played a greater role for female drivers than for male drivers, with the more attractive female drivers perceived as possessing greater expertise with products such as shampoo, tanning products, and dietary products.However, Bower and Landreth (2001) found that highly attractive models were not more effective than normally attractive models for problem-solving, attractivenessrelated products and attributed these results to the premise that consumers perceive highly attractive models to have never faced an attractiveness-related problem and therefore have little expertise using these products. To illustrate, this premise would suggest that the current campaign utilizing female tennis star Serena Williams for Pro Activ acne medication would be unsuccessful. However, a moderately 54 ttractive model may be more likely to be perceived to have faced an attractiveness-related problem and overcome it using the advertised product, fully illustrating the premise that the expertise of the source is more important than the attractiveness of the source. In Till and Busler’s (2000) examination of the attractiveness and expertise matchup, while an attractiveness/matchup effect was not found, an attractiveness effect and an expertise/matchup effect were both discovered, suggesting the possibility of expertise trumping physical attractiveness in matching celebrities and products for endorsement effectiveness.These findings also suggest the possibility that physical attractiveness is itself considered a type of expertise. To illustrate, a beautiful female model may be considered an expert on makeup, which is a product she could use to enhance her beauty. However, she may not be perceived as an expert on cars, because while she looks beautiful in the car, the car is not connected to her physical beauty. McCracken (1989) suggests that a matchup of attractiveness or expertise alone is insufficient for achieving successful endorsements, positing a Model of Meaning Transfer.In this model, he proposes that celebrity endorsers are special cases of meaning transfer: â€Å"The effectiveness of the endorser depends, in part, upon the meanings he or she brings to the endorsement process† (p. 312). To elaborate, he explains that numerous cultural meanings exist in the world, and that celebrities draw meanings from the culturally constituted world when developing their images, which are accumulations of meanings from the roles they assume in various aspects of their careers, both in media and in the public eye.McCracken (1989) suggests that, similar to typecasting of actors in Hollywood, the consistency of the images that celebrities develop is the notion that makes them useful to ma rketers. These meanings are then transferred to the products that celebrities endorse.  © 2009 †¢ Journal of Sport Administration Supervision †¢ Vol. 1, No. 1, April 2009 Simmers, Damron-Martinez, Haytko Consumers then recognize that the celebrities possess compelling or useful cultural meanings, causing them to buy the endorsed products and acquire these meanings upon consumption of the products.Therefore, for an endorsement to become successful, products must match well with the bundle of meanings or overall image of celebrity endorsers rather than with the element of attractiveness or expertise alone. The Multidimensional Endorser Since the overall image of the celebrity must be taken into consideration in endorsement decisions, McCracken’s (1989) theory suggests that celebrity endorsers possess a multidimensional nature. Erdogan, Baker, and Tagg (2001) confirm â€Å"managers do not see celebrities as unidimensional individuals (e. . , attractive, credible)à ¢â‚¬  (p. 45). Rather, their findings indicate that advertising agency managers should consider a range of criteria when choosing celebrity endorsers, including trustworthiness, expertise, physical Figure 1 The Endorser Sexpertise Continuum Billy Blanks Denise Austin Rafael Nadal attractiveness, familiarity, and likeability of the source. Further, the importance of the criteria depends on the product brand to be endorsed. he endorSer SexPertiSe continuum This paper posits that celebrity endorsers may possess characteristics from both the Source Credibility Model and the Source Attractiveness Model, albeit in different proportions, which interact with different product dimensions to determine endorsement effectiveness. A new endorser effectiveness model, entitled The Endorser Sexpertise Continuum, is therefore proposed in this article because the need exists for a theoretical construct that considers both the roles of expertise and attractiveness in determining the effectiveness of celebrity endorsers for particular brands.As shown in Figure 1, these characteristics lie along a continuum based on the primary image focus of the celebrity. Peyton Manning Tiger Woods Michael Jordan Likeability Acquirable Expertise Source Credibility Model (expertise, trustworthiness) Attribute-specific Cognitive/Higher involvement Piecemeal approach Functional Can endorse related products Source Attractiveness Model (similarity, familiarity, liking, physical attractiveness) Holistic Affective/Lower involvement Categorical approach Symbolic Can endorse unrelated products  © 2009 †¢ Journal of Sport Administration Supervision †¢ Vol. 1, No. , April 2009 55 Endorser Sexpertise Continuum The left side of the continuum is anchored by acquirable expertise, which relates directly to the Source Credibility Model and includes the concepts of expertise and trustworthiness. The further the endorser falls toward this side of the continuum, the more likely the endorser will be li mited to endorsing products related to his/her own area of expertise, since consumers have higher involvement with these kinds of products and therefore will give much consideration to the products’ functional properties, and will process the information using a piecemeal approach.The right side of the continuum is anchored by likeability, which relates to the Source Attractiveness Model. The further the endorser falls toward this side of the continuum, the more likely he/she can endorse both products related to his/her area of expertise and products removed from that area of expertise. Consumers are drawn to these products through their liking of these endorsers. In this case, product involvement is much lower, so consumers are interested in symbolic properties of these products and will use more holistic, categorical approaches. The following sections discuss these premises in more detail.The Roles of Expertise and Likeability Celebrities â€Å"†¦succeed by skillfully distinguishing themselves from others essentially like them (Boorstin,1961, p. 65). † However, based on the theory that celebrity endorsers possess a multidimensional nature, the Endorser Sexpertise Continuum proposes a distinct difference in the products with which a celebrity endorser can be appropriately matched, a conclusion based upon whether the celebrity endorser’s fame stems from his/ her area of expertise, or whether the source of the celebrity endorser’s fame stems from his/her physical attractiveness or personality.For example, women’s tennis star Anna Kournikova’s popularity stems almost entirely from her sex appeal, whereas Woods is known 56 for his athletic prowess on the golf course. Each of these athletes anchors a different end of the continuum. Some athletes such as female swimmers Amanda Beard and Dara Torres fall in the middle, possessing both sex appeal and athletic success. Celebrity endorsers provide the tools that consumers seek to affect meaning transfer by availing the cultural meanings encapsulated in the material forms of the celebrities’ images through product endorsement.According to McCracken (1989), â€Å"The celebrity is supplying not just an example of self-creation, but the very stuff with which this difficult act is undertaken† (p. 317). Some celebrities possess an acquirable expertise, i. e. , other people can learn the same expertise possessed by certain celebrities. As previously discussed concerning cultural meanings, celebrity endorsers provide consumers with the tools or skills needed to acquire that same expertise.For example, Denise Austin and fitness guru/martial artist Billy Blanks can provide other people with the tools needed for meaning transfer, so their celebrity images focuses more on the characteristic of acquirable expertise through learning their fitness regimens. These celebrities tend to gravitate toward the left side of the continuum, but some may move to the right end of the continuum, depending on their degree of likeability.For example, in addition to wide-ranging fitness options and abilities, Austin is also generally known for her outgoing personality, beauty, and calm, encouraging approach to fitness, so she would fall further to the right side of the continuum than Blanks, who is primarily known for his intense TaeBo fitness regime and is presented as a less dynamic, less personable figure. In contrast, some celebrities possess an inherent expertise unique to that person alone and therefore cannot be achieved by another person. For example, Manning’s football  © 2009 †¢ Journal of Sport Administration Supervision †¢ Vol. , No. 1, April 2009 Simmers, Damron-Martinez, Haytko abilities cannot be imitated, even if someone were to take lessons directly from him. People are attracted to such celebrities. In essence, these celebrities cannot provide others with specific, tangible tools they need for meaning tran sfer. Accordingly, their celebrity images focus more on the characteristic of likeability, causing these celebrities to occupy the right side of the proposed continuum. Furthermore qualifying celebrities for the right side of the continuum would be the popularity and endurance of the celebrity image.Celebrities may also move to the right as their images become more solidified. For example, while Jordan was a highly successful basketball player, he transcended that label to be a likeable celebrity far beyond the basketball court. Logically, if the image of a celebrity is focused on an acquirable expertise, the range of products that he/she can endorse is limited to that area of expertise. However, if the image of a celebrity is focused on likeability, then he/she can endorse a much broader range of products, since the image transfer is based on personality feature rather than a particular area of expertise.BrAnd concePt tyPeS Traditionally branded products are classified into brand t ypes based on consumer needs and consumer involvement with the product. This information becomes critical when allying celebrities with brands. Appropriate pairings can result in synergy, with both parties benefiting from the arrangement, and endorsements done with athlete celebrities remain no exception and, in fact, may be more highly sought because of their tendencies to create such synergy (Rodrigue Biswas, 2004).Since athlete celebrity endorsers are brands unto themselves, information on the types of brands/products they consider for endorsement becomes critical. The following section discusses brand concept types and, subsequently, brand alliance considerations. Consumer Needs In developing their Brand Concept Management (BCM) model, Park, Jaworski and MacInnis (1986) identified three types of brand concepts (or images created in a brand) based on consumer needs: functional, symbolic, and experiential. Functional needs are defined as â€Å"those that motivate the search for products that solve consumption-related problems† (Park et al. 1986, p. 136). Symbolic needs are defined as â€Å"desires for products that fulfill internally generated needs for selfenhancement, role position, group membership, or ego-identification† (Park et al. , 1986, p. 136). Experiential needs are defined as â€Å"desires for products that provide sensory pleasure, variety and/or cognitive stimulation† (Park et al. , 1986, p. 136). As with BCM, the characteristics of each of these brand concepts must be taken into consideration in developing an effective endorsement. Till and Busler (2000) suggested that involvement could be a factor to consider in matchup.Since these brand concepts are based on consumer needs, a closer look at consumer involvement and ways they process information may lead to a better understanding of this phenomenon. Consumer Involvement and Information Processing Petty, Cacioppo, and Schumann (1983) investigated the moderating role of co nsumer involvement in advertising effectiveness. Based on the Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM), they identified two distinct routes to attitude change based on likelihood of the consumer elaborating the message: the central route and peripheral route to persuasion.When defining attitude change as a representation of whether a consumer has favorably changed his/her attitude toward the brand after encountering some of its communication (e. g. , an advertisement), higher involvement (the central route) results in more scrutiny 57  © 2009 †¢ Journal of Sport Administration Supervision †¢ Vol. 1, No. 1, April 2009 Endorser Sexpertise Continuum of the message, whereas lower involvement (the peripheral route) results in consumers giving little or no thought about the product qualities presented in the message.In the central route, attitude changes result from consumers carefully analyzing information for a particular situation. In contrast, attitude changes in the peripheral route result from inferences made from available cues. The findings of Petty et al. (1983) indicate that the persuasive message itself has a greater impact under high involvement conditions, whereas the endorser has a greater impact under low involvement conditions. Therefore, the central route is a more cognitive dimension, while the peripheral route is a more affective dimension.This premise most likely explains why Woods failed as an endorser for Buick. Since cars are high involvement products that lead consumers to carefully analyze information, the likelihood that a celebrity endorser will work in this situation declines greatly. Woods’ failed Buick endorsement can also be coupled to a mismatch between the celebrity and brand (Thomaselli, 2008). A hypothetical example of the central versus peripheral route could be found the use of racecar driver Dale Earnhardt Jr. as an endorser. Earnhardt works ell for Mountain Dew’s Amp energy drink (a low involvement product) that serves as a co-primary sponsor of his racecar, since he races with a youthful, energetic style. Theoretically, however, in the same role for the National Guard (a high involvement product), his sponsorships may prove less effective, since no apparent linkage exists between Earnhardt’s racing career and military service. While Petty et al. (1983) indicated that the expertise or attractiveness of a message source is a peripheral cue, their research purports that, when product involvement is high, an expert endorser will serve as an argument for consideration.However, when product involvement is low, the endorser then serves a 58 more affective, holistic function and is indeed a peripheral cue. In their hypothesis test of attractiveness as a peripheral cue for shampoo, Petty and Cacioppo (1980) explained that they found no attractiveness and involvement interaction and commented that some subjects’ lack of interaction might have been attributed to model’s app earance as a relevant, persuasive argument. Sujan (1985) identified two types of consumer processing strategies that complement the central and peripheral routes.In the piecemeal approach, consumers analyze each attribute of a product to determine its overall value. Alternatively, in the categorical approach, Sujan (1985) notes that consumers perform more efficient processing by utilizing previously defined categories: â€Å"The belief is that affect is cued by the categorization of stimuli rather than through a constructive attribute review process† (p. 31). Based on this discussion, since functional brand concepts are related to problem solving, they would require more piecemeal processing and therefore would belong with the cognitive route of the ELM.On the other hand, symbolic brand concepts are related to reference groups and ego enhancement. They require more categorical processing and therefore would belong with the peripheral route of the ELM. Experiential brand conce pts are more internal driven by consumers’ need for cognitive or sensory stimulation and therefore are more context-driven. As such, they may belong in either route, depending upon their context. mAtchuP for endorSement effectiveneSS To this point, the current paper has offered a definition of a celebrity endorser and has examined the branding literature for traditional brands.Now the discussion turns to  © 2009 †¢ Journal of Sport Administration Supervision †¢ Vol. 1, No. 1, April 2009 Simmers, Damron-Martinez, Haytko equating the endorser as a brand, the necessity of considering brand concept types, and the requirements for a successful brand alliance. Athlete celebrity endorsers are compared to traditional product brands, and endorsement agreements are compared with traditional brand alliance agreements. The following discussion begins with identifying the endorser as a brand then moves to examining fit and the role of the Endorser Sexpertise Continuum.Endors er as a Brand Kotler (1991) defines a brand as â€Å"a name, term, sign, symbol, or design, or combination of them which is intended to identify the goods and services of one seller or group of sellers and to differentiate them from those of competitors† (p. 442). In essence, a brand is represented as an image that has been developed and that exists in the minds of consumers. Therefore, since a celebrity endorser is essentially a bundle of meanings that combine to form an overall image, a celebrity endorser can also be considered a brand.To further discuss celebrities as their own brands, marketers often attempt to personalize their brands by endowing them with certain human characteristics or brand personalities. Aaker (1997) defines brand personality as â€Å"the set of human characteristics associated with a brand† (p. 347). For example, the Marlboro cigarette brand exhibits a high level of brand personality. According to Lohof (1969), â€Å"The Marlboro image is a cultural symbol which speaks to the collective imagination of the American people. It speaks of virgin frontier and of brutal efficacy and constant vigilance which the frontier exacts from its residents† (p. 47; cf. Reddy, Holak, Bhat, 1994). However, in the case of a celebrity endorser, the brand is an actual person. Rather than developing a brand personality for a product, a celebrity endows his/her clearly defined, existing personality to the product through endorsement. Therefore, a celebrity endorser can be considered the epitome of a brand personality. O’Donnell (2008) claims that the pairing of Michael Jordan and Nike set the standard for athlete/product endorsement matchup, and one can argue that Nike’s success is rooted in that partnership decision.Nevertheless, all brands have lifecycles (Ries Ries, 1998). Nike has experiences problems selling the Jordan brand since Jordan’s retirement in 2003 because many consumers in younger demographics hav e only seen Jordan play on highlight reels and do not perceive him as relevant (Intini, 2008). Thus, the brand’s new focus will be on the myth of Michael with â€Å"Become Legendary† as the new tagline (Intini, 2008). Intini (2008) believes that if Nike handles this new strategy well, Jordan could become sport’s first immortal brand.Endorsement as a Brand Alliance If an endorser can be considered a brand, then the pairing of a celebrity endorser and a product brand is analogous to the concept of a brand alliance. According to Rao Ruekert (1994), because brand names are valuable assets, they can combine with other brand names in a synergistic alliance in which the sum is greater than the parts. In the case of a celebrity endorsement, the product brand associates with the endorser in an effort to develop a stronger positive consumer attitude toward the product brand, essentially hoping to capitalize on positive spillover effects.The work of Simonin and Ruth (1998 ) supports this strategy. Based on familiarity, Simonin and Ruth (1998) found that spillover effects might not always affect the partners equally. If two highly familiar brands ally, they experience equal spillover effects. However, in an asymmetrical relationship the less familiar brand experiences greater spillover effects. In essence, celebrities should be compensated based on their contribution towards such a spillover effect. However, the threat of negative spillover 59  © 2009 †¢ Journal of Sport Administration Supervision †¢ Vol. 1, No. , April 2009 Endorser Sexpertise Continuum effects necessitates consideration by both endorsers and product manufacturers, when engaging in partner selections. An action by an athlete is considered a scandal if it is illegal or unethical, involves multiple parties over a sustained period of time, and/or whose impact affects the integrity of the sport with which he or she is associated (Hughes Shank, 2005). Hughes and Shank (2005) reason that a onetime violation by an admired sports celebrity will carry less impact with the consumer than repeated illegal or unethical events.In contrast, Behr and Beeler-Norrholm (2006) posit that the notion of celebrities-gone-bad is part of the fun for consumers and question whether it truly does serious damage to the consumers’ views of the endorsed brand. This may be true for the celebrities who are liked specifically for their rebellious personalities but is not generally applicable for all endorsers. When measuring consumer skepticism, Bailey (2007) found the strength of the association between the endorser and the brand affects whether the negative information will affect consumer perceptions and attitudes. Positive and negative spillover effects impact brand alliances.Since the image of the brand is composed of an accumulation of meanings, each time a brand associates with another brand, the experience impacts and contributes to its overall image (Rodrigue Bisw as 2004). To maintain its marketing value, the product brand and the endorser brand must each strive to maintain a consistent individual image in the public eye. Fit The concern of fit in a brand alliance can also be applied in the case of an athlete celebrity endorsement. Simonin and Ruth (1998) found that product fit and brand fit are related positively to attitudes toward the brand alliance.In the endorsement literature, expertise had a stronger effect on attitude toward the brand and purchase intentions than physical 60 attractiveness (Ohanian 1991; O’Mahoney Meenaghan 1998; Till Busler 1998). When the fit between the endorser and the endorsed product is incongruent, only attractiveness remains important (Kim Na 2007). Further, the work of Broniarczyk and Alba (1994) supports the idea that a specific brand attribute, such as the expertise of the celebrity, will have a greater influence on the effectiveness of the endorsement than the overall image of the brand.Experien ce with a product does not always equate to expertise with the product (Siemens, Smith, Fisher, Jensen 2008). Sport celebrity endorsers especially must carefully choose their endorsements, since they could be held liable if they do not use the product they endorse (Moorma

25 Synonyms for Sign and Symbol

25 Synonyms for Sign and Symbol 25 Synonyms for â€Å"Sign† and â€Å"Symbol† 25 Synonyms for â€Å"Sign† and â€Å"Symbol† By Mark Nichol Various words referring to pictorial representations of objects or ideas often have precise connotations. Here are many words conveying subtle shades of meaning about signs and symbols. 1. Attribute: an object, especially in representational art, signifying a person or place, or authority (also, a characteristic or quality or a word describing a quality) 2. Badge: a sign symbolizing achievement, authority, or membership 3. Cachet: a seal used to denote official approval, or an indication of prestigious approval (plus additional meanings, including â€Å"prestige†) 4. Coat of arms: a heraldic symbol or combination of symbols, or one or more symbols serving a similar function (also, a garment on which such symbols are employed) 5. Cognizance: a distinguishing sign (plus additional meanings) 6. Colophon: a printer’s or publisher’s symbol (also, an inscription providing information about the production of a publication) 7. Crest: see â€Å"coat of arms† (plus additional meanings) 8. Cryptograph (and cryptogram): a sign with hidden meaning or significance (also, a coded message) 9. Device: a heraldic symbol (plus additional meanings) 10. Emblem: a symbol associated with a particular thing or concept 11. Ensign: a sign of authority, or a sign or a flag (also, a military rank or someone holding that rank) 12. Hallmark: a mark signifying approval or authenticity (also, a distinguishing feature or trait) 13. Homologation: official approval or confirmation 14. Icon: a symbolic image 15. Impresa: a heraldic symbol 16. Imprimatur: approval, license, or sanction, or a mark thereof 17. Insignia: a sign of authority, honor, or rank 18. Logo (also logograph and logogram): a statement or symbol of identification, or a motto 19. Monogram: an identifying sign often consisting of conjoined initials 20. Pictograph: a symbol in a pictorial system of communication 21. Rune: a particular type of alphabetical character later associated with magic (plus additional meanings) 22. Stamp: a distinctive character, indication, or mark, or a lasting impression (also, the act of stamping or the device used for stamping, as well as a piece of paper fastened to another object as proof of payment) 23. Token: an expression, sign, or symbol (also, among other meanings, a characteristic, or a keepsake) 24. Totem: an object or symbol representing kinship 25. Trademark: a word or other symbol applying to a product or service (also, a distinguishing feature) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Whimsical Words8 Proofreading Tips And TechniquesMood vs. Tense

Eloquence of Landscapes in the Western Film Genre Movie Review

Eloquence of Landscapes in the Western Film Genre - Movie Review Example In both films the landscape effectively highlights salient features of the storyline and characterizes its inhabitants in a way similar to the Westerns reviewed in Jane Tompkin's insightful West of Everything (70-87). Winton C. Hoch photographed The Searchers in VistaVision,1 cinematography in Technicolor with wide-angle perspective, on-location in Monument Valley. According to the Special Features section of the DVD edition, beyond the colorful sandstone spires and buttes reminiscent of its ancient inhabitants, the cameras caught on film a living, breathing recent element of the desert landscape in some of the 500 destitute Navajo families employed as actors on the set (Ford). Loyal Griggs actually won an Academy Award for his second director-of-photography effort in Shane. Ultimately all Griggs had to do was to position his camera with some aplomb and let the Grand Tetons of Wyoming speak with quiet eloquence (Purdy). Filmed in Technicolor in Jackson Hole, Wyoming, and shown on an expanded screen that served to emphasize the vastness and beauty of the fertile surroundings, the film creates a living picture of the boundless promise of the American frontier, "forever framing the action in relation to the unspoiled land surrounding it." (Crowther) In her evaluation of the Western film Tompkins compares the sanctuary of the homestead or the pioneer cabin with the rugged challenges of the desert landscape (87). The Searchers opens from the safety of one family's haven into the vast reaches of the unfolding story as a lone figure on horseback rides slowly into view out of the barren wilderness. The breadth and length of the landscape scenes create a sense of authenticity for the much-abridged time and distances of the unfolding action in the narrative. The Searchers will come full circle to an identical doorway as members of a reunited family press past the threshold into their home totally oblivious to the hero as the door closes on the lonely drifter striding quietly back into the dusty landscape (Ford). On the other hand, the point of view in Shane is chiefly through the eyes of young Joey as the child vigilantly watches the distant stretches of Wyoming prairie where sundry strangers make their debut in the story from the outlying horizon. The viewpoint on the closing action will belong to Joey as well when the landscape, veiled in darkness, echoes with the child's heartbreaking appeals for his friend to return, and the wounded Shane slips quietly out of his life into the shadowy oblivion of the Wyoming hills (Stevens). Tompkins suggests that the genius of the Western is to have the terrain speak for itself (71). The physical settings in each film visually develop unique aspects of the narrative in much the same way as background music creates an ambience that heightens the emotion and suspense of the drama. In The Searchers the harsh nature of the character's surroundings accentuates its isolating and dangerous nature for the extended pioneer family (O'Brien). In striking contrast to the welcoming and simple world filmed inside the log cabin, where Ethan Edwards yearns to fit in, is the Civil War veteran's native element in the brutal and unforgiving environment which at last lures him away yet again into its untamed independence (O'Brien). The Shane exploits are mostly reflected through the eyes

Intoduction to HRM 3 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Intoduction to HRM 3 - Coursework Example The emphasis is on improving performance and retention for the employee as well as improving the performance of the company according to the new vision statement of Nowhere else makes you feel this good. Cafe Company wants to regain market share and believes that the way to do that is to provide tools to the person who is in direct contact with the customer – the barista (Green and Duncan n.d.). The overall aim and learning objectives (Green and Duncan n.d.; Noe, Hollenbeck, Gerhart, and Wright 2003) The barista will see clearly how significant their value is in creating the ultimate experience as a barista around the globe at Cafe Company (Oakland and Oakland 1998); Each new barista will adopt the vision statement that Cafe Company creates the best coffee experience in the world by stating, Nowhere else makes you feel this good; Each new barista will have the skills and the coffee know-how to do prepare basic coffees per customer request. The barista will adopt the skills as taught at the two-day session ensuring the barista will be able to provide the ultimate coffee experience for the customer; By providing the ultimate coffee experience for the customer, the barista will be capable of retaining the existing customers and win over new customers. How this training programme will improve the performance of the employees Mathis and Jackson (1991); Noe et al. ... This is referred to as a systems approach to training. Previously, there has been nothing formal. The new employee was essentially left to their own devices or if they lucked out and happened to get partnered with an experienced barista they may succeed. To deter the level of turnover in the locations, this training programme will provide a solid jumping off spot for all new colleagues to ensure they have the basic tools of a professional barista. Creating an experience for a customer is not the same as simply making a cup of coffee. Learning the difference and creating that experience is what this training is all about. Timetable for Two Days Programme, Timing and Resources The timetable is outlined using the tables for each day below. The resources needed will be a formal training area such as a classroom size room large enough to fit 12 – 16 people comfortably. Based on the training model provided the class will need access to an area to make coffees that is not a live coff ee house at the time the training takes place (Mathis and Jackson 1991). The training is structured over two days and includes a multitude of alternate speakers rather than residing solely on Human Resources or Training and Development personnel. Access to these staff and agreement from the authorities these staff report to that they will be present and available and focused on the new Baristas will be vital for the success of this model. This model also requires that a Barista training manual be designed with the core components of customer service, quality, cleanliness and coffee know-how. This manual may be a hard copy, but could be purely electronic as well. This will serve as a ready reference for information provided in this session as well as future training

Principles and Practices of Management Essay Example for Free

Principles and Practices of Management Essay Planning is the determination of the course of the objectives of a business, division or department to achieve maximum profit effectiveness, the establishment of policies and the continuous seeking and finding of new ways to do things. Implementing applies to the doing phases. After plans have been prepared, personnel must be selected and assigned their jobs; they must be trained and motivated to perform properly. Activities must be implemented in terms of the plans initially developed. This may include I. Selecting personnel II. Training personnel III. Motivating personnel IV. Delegation, V. Direction VI. Coordinating. Controlling refers to the evaluation of the performance of those who are responsible for executing the plans agreed upon. This may include: I. Controlling adherence to plans, and II. Appraising performance 2. Principles of Management Fayol has given fourteen principles of management. These principles are as fallows 1. Division of work: Fayol has advocated division of work to take the advantage of specialization. According to him, ‘specialization belongs to the natural order. The worker always works on the same matters, the manager concerned always with the same matters; acquire an ability, sureness, and accuracy, which increase their output’. Each change of work brings in it training and adaptation, which reduces output. Thus, division of work can be applied at all levels in the organization. However, he has recognized the limitations of division of work and has advocated that experience and sense of proportion will decide the extent to which division of work can be utilized fruitfully. 2. Authority and Responsibility: The authority and responsibility are related, with the latter the corollary of the former and arising from the former. He finds authority as a continuation of official and personnel factors. Official authority is derived from the manager’s position and personal authority is derived from intelligence, experience, moral worth, past services, etc. Responsibility arises out of assigning the work. 3. Discipline: All the personnel serving in the organization should be disciplined. Discipline is obedience, application, energy, behavior, and outward mark of respect shown by employees. Discipline can be classified into two types: self-imposed discipline and command discipline. The former springs form within the individual and are in the nature of spontaneous response to a skillful leader. Command discipline stems from a recognized authority and utilizes deterrents to secure compliance with a desired action, which is expressed by established customs, rules, and regulations. The ultimate strength of command discipline lies in its certainty of application. 4. Unity of command: Unity of command means a person in the organization should receive orders from only one superior. The more completely an individual has a reporting relationship to a single superior, the less the problem of conflict in instructions and the greater the feeling of personal responsibility for results. The principle of unity of command Is useful in the clarification of authority-responsibility relationship. 5. Unity of Direction Unity of direction means ‘one unit and one plan’. According to this principle, each group of activities with same objectives with same objective must have one head and one plan. The unity of direction is different from unity of command in the sense that former is concerned with the functioning of body corporate; the latter is concerned with personnel at all level. Unity of direction is provided for by sound organization of the body corporate, unity of command turn on the functioning of the personnel. Unity of command exists without unity of direction, but does not flow from it. 6. Subordination of individual to general interest: Command interest is above the individual interest and when there is conflict between these two, the common interest must prevail. However, factors like ambition, laziness, weakness etc. tend to reduce the importance of general interest. 7. Remuneration of Personnel: Remuneration and methods of payment should be fair and provide maximum possible satisfaction to employees and employers. 8. Centralization: Everything, which goes to increase the importance of the subordinate’s role, is decentralization; everything, which goes to reduce it, is centralization. Without using the term ‘centralization of authority’. This pattern is determined by individual circumstances and should be based on optimum utilization of all faculties of the personnel. 9. Scalar Chain: There should be a scalar chain of authority and communication ranging from the highest to lowest positions. It suggests that each communication going up or coming down must flow through each position in the line of authority. It can be short-circuited only in special circumstances when its rigid following would be determined to the organization. For this purpose, Fayol has suggested ‘gang palnk’ , which is used to prevent the scalar chain from bogging down action. 10. Order: Both material order and social order are necessary. The former minimizes lost time and useless handling of materials. The latter is achieved through organization and selection. 11. Equity: In running a business a combination of kindliness and justice is needed. Treating employees well is important to achieve equity. 12. Stability of Tenure of Personnel: Employees work better if job security and career progress are assured to them. An insecure tenure and a high rate of employee turnover will affect the organization adversely. 13. Initiative: Allowing all personnel to show their initiative in some way is a source of strength for the organization. Even though it may well involve a sacrifice of personnel vanity on the part of many managers. 14. Espirt de Corps: Management must foster the morale of its employees. â€Å"Real talent is needed the coordinate effort, encourage keenness, use each person’s abilities and reward each one’s merit without arousing possible jealousness and disturbing harmonious relations†. Techniques of Effective Coordination The basic objective of all managerial functions is to get things done by coordinated efforts of others. Thus, every function leads to coordination. However, following are the specific techniques for achieving coordination: Coordination by Chain of Command: In an organization, the chain of command is the most important methods of coordination. Superior, because of his organizational position, has the authority to issue orders and instructions to his subordinates. Weber has indicated that in a controlled administration coordination is achieved. Coordination by Leadership: Leadership brings individual motivation and persuades the group to have identified of interests and outlook in group efforts. Ordway Tead has stated that top management should practice leadership because without it, no coordination can be achieved. In fact, whatever is necessary for effective leadership is also required for coordination. Coordination by Effective Communication: Communication helps to developing understanding between individuals or groups among whom coordination is to be achieved. Through communication, every person understands his scope and limits of functioning, authority and responsibility, and relationship with others. Thus, effective communication provides horizontal as well as vertical coordination if there is free and adequate flow of communication in all directions.-horizontal, vertical, upward and downward. Communication to be effective does not require only a communication network but to keep the network free from any barrier, which effects flow of messages adversely. Coordination by Committees: Committees are the body of persons entrusted with discharging some functions collectively as group. Some committees have the authority to take decisions and others make recommendations only. The decisions of the committees are group decisions and the persons whose departments are affected by decisions generally constitute the committees. Thus the decisions themselves provide coordination among various functions of the organization. Coordination by General Staff: Generally, in big organizations there is general staff meant for  coordination. This staff employs a central position in communication network. All the heads of departments and sections send the various information to this center. This center stores the information and sends to various departments’ only relevant and related information. This center, because of its specialized knowledge, is able to assess the relevance and need of various information for a department. Thus, the coordination is achieved by supplying inter-departmental information. Special Coordinators: In some organizations, special coordinators are appointed for coordinating some special activities. For example, in a particular project, along with various functionaries, a project coordinator is appointed. His basic function is to coordinate various activities of the project and to keep information about the development of project so that he can provide it to the party concerned for which the project Is being completed. Such projects are generally taken on contract basis which are to be completed within the specified time. Self-coordination: This principles states that a particular department affects other departments and in turn is affected by them. However, this department has no control over others. In such a case, if other departments modify their actions in such a way that this affects the particular department favorably, self-coordination is achieved. This requires effective communication across the department so that they are able to appreciate the functioning of related departments. However, this method is not free from limitations and shortcomings, and in the organization, favorable climate and environment need to be created for self-control. Features of an Open Door Organization 1) An open door organization is task oriented. The accountability is clearly defined. 2) The authority (within the related functional area) is also absolute (or nearly so) matching the absolute character of the accountability. 3) Consultations are minimum and are not compulsive; the executive is free to consult and communicate (or otherwise) so long as he performs and delivers the objective. 4) Rules and procedures exist but only as guides-the executives (within their sphere of responsibilities)  having wide freedom of discretion to depart from the rules within the periphery of the broad corporate policies. 5) The accountability is clear-cut; objective is verifiable – in terms of cost, output target, time and profit. The means are (relatively) unimportant so long as the end is achieved. 6) The managerial behavior is highly flexible bending with lithe suppleness to the internal shifts in conditions and external maneuvers of the environmental zone of contract.

Everything about Marijuana Essay -- Illegal Drugs Narcotics Cannabis

"I think people need to be educated to the fact that marijuana is not a drug. Marijuana is an herb and a flower. God put it here. If He put it here and He wants it to grow, what gives the government the right to say that God is wrong?" (Willie Nelson) Marijuana is a psychoactive product, meaning that it interacts with the central nervous system and can alter perception, mood and behavior. It is widely and illegally used by many people all over the world. Marijuana is used for its euphoric feeling and pleasure when smoked, but also for its medical purposes. Marijuana comes from two main flowering plants, Cannabis Sativa and Cannabis Indica. Cannabis Sativa plants are generally tall, thin plants with narrow leaves and a rather light green color. They are natively grown in Mexico, Colombia, Thailand and Southeast Asia. In contrast, Indica plants grow in hash producing countries like Afghanistan, Morocco and Tibet. They are shorter, have broader leaves and usually look bushier than Sativa plants. Sativa plants are used more often for smoking, and said to have a stronger effect than the Indica plant. Such plants usually grow in the wild, but some people illegally grow marijuana in their homes, using special lights and growing tools. There are many substances in marijuana, over 400 known. The substance that creates a person to get ?high? while smoking marijuana is called THC (tetrahydrocannabinol). THC is a type of cannabinoid which is a strong chemical in the plant, found in the flower or buds, stems and leaves. The higher content of THC is usually found in the buds, the most smoked part of marijuana. When weed is smoked, the THC goes straight through the blood stream, into the lungs and the brain. People usually start to feel ?hi... ...ers are also used to roll loose marijuana. The filled cigar or swisher would be split in the middle, emptied and the marijuana would be added and then the blunt would be rolled. Other popular smoking items are water pipes, or bongs and just normal pipes. Bongs filter out the marijuana through the water and most of the THC is inhaled. Pipes come in many different shapes, colors and sizes and are sold at just about any smoke shop. Vaporizers are also used, mostly for medical purposes though, which filter out the marijuana but are very costly. Pot does not always have to be smoked. It can be cooked into foods or even made into teas. Marijuana is one of the oldest cultivated plants in the world. After many centuries of using marijuana, it has become a trend for many people. It is smoked around the world today, and just about anyone can get their hands on this drug. Everything about Marijuana Essay -- Illegal Drugs Narcotics Cannabis "I think people need to be educated to the fact that marijuana is not a drug. Marijuana is an herb and a flower. God put it here. If He put it here and He wants it to grow, what gives the government the right to say that God is wrong?" (Willie Nelson) Marijuana is a psychoactive product, meaning that it interacts with the central nervous system and can alter perception, mood and behavior. It is widely and illegally used by many people all over the world. Marijuana is used for its euphoric feeling and pleasure when smoked, but also for its medical purposes. Marijuana comes from two main flowering plants, Cannabis Sativa and Cannabis Indica. Cannabis Sativa plants are generally tall, thin plants with narrow leaves and a rather light green color. They are natively grown in Mexico, Colombia, Thailand and Southeast Asia. In contrast, Indica plants grow in hash producing countries like Afghanistan, Morocco and Tibet. They are shorter, have broader leaves and usually look bushier than Sativa plants. Sativa plants are used more often for smoking, and said to have a stronger effect than the Indica plant. Such plants usually grow in the wild, but some people illegally grow marijuana in their homes, using special lights and growing tools. There are many substances in marijuana, over 400 known. The substance that creates a person to get ?high? while smoking marijuana is called THC (tetrahydrocannabinol). THC is a type of cannabinoid which is a strong chemical in the plant, found in the flower or buds, stems and leaves. The higher content of THC is usually found in the buds, the most smoked part of marijuana. When weed is smoked, the THC goes straight through the blood stream, into the lungs and the brain. People usually start to feel ?hi... ...ers are also used to roll loose marijuana. The filled cigar or swisher would be split in the middle, emptied and the marijuana would be added and then the blunt would be rolled. Other popular smoking items are water pipes, or bongs and just normal pipes. Bongs filter out the marijuana through the water and most of the THC is inhaled. Pipes come in many different shapes, colors and sizes and are sold at just about any smoke shop. Vaporizers are also used, mostly for medical purposes though, which filter out the marijuana but are very costly. Pot does not always have to be smoked. It can be cooked into foods or even made into teas. Marijuana is one of the oldest cultivated plants in the world. After many centuries of using marijuana, it has become a trend for many people. It is smoked around the world today, and just about anyone can get their hands on this drug.

The Housing Allowance – Business Ethics

THE HOUSING ALLOWANCE Wilson Mutambara grew up in the slums of Rambia and through hard work and talent he was given the opportunity to study and receive his MBA in the united states. After three years of working at a cellular telephone service company, NewComm, he received the opportunity to go back to Rambia when NewComm decided to expand. All the employees at the NewComm offices in Rambia were set to receive $2,000 monthly for housing needs to insure that its employees live in a safe and convenient area and that their living arrangements are complimentary to the company image.One of the employees, Dale Garman, found out that Wilson was falsifying his monthly housing expenses and was in fact living in his old neighborhood, which couldn't possibly cost more than $300. The house that Wilson was living in was not up to the company standards and it looked as if he was sharing it with quite a few people. Dale notified Wilson's supervisor Barbara Weston of his living situation and Barbara confronted Wilson. Wilson admitted to the falsified invoices and pleaded to Barbara that there is quite a bit expected of him as a Rambian from the slums.He provides for his family and pays for his nieces' and nephews' educational expenses from that money. He also felt that if he lived in an expensive area like his colleagues, his family would judge his actions and think of him as selfish. Although Wilson had good intentions in falsifying his claims, he did not use the allowance as NewComm intended for him to do and more importantly falsified his invoices. Now Barbara faces a tough decision of deciding how to appropriately handle this situation in an ethical way. At the personal level of analysis, Wilson is the primary stakeholder.He looked at the situation at the beginning and assumed that it was fair for him to receive equal compensation for housing even though he chose to live below his means. He was helping his relatives and was unable to see that the fraud he was committing co uld have dire consequences. At the corporate level of analysis is NewComm, its’ management and employees in Rambia. The company, NewComm, is a very significant stakeholder since it is providing the money to Wilson and expecting that the obligations they allocate to their employees are met without protest.NewComm can also garner trouble from authorities or the IRS if they are reporting the housing allowance under benefits, and Wilson’s imprudence comes out as fraud and the government might also think NewComm is involved. The societal stakeholders in this case are Wilson’s relatives and the Rambian community who perceives Wilson as their hero for achieving success in America. After Barbara confronted Wilson about his indiscretion and he explained his reasoning behind it, she has to decide how to handle this appropriately. Barbara is obligated to handle this by taking NewComm’s best interest into consideration.It is imperative that she consider the harm Wils on’s decision could have caused NewComm since he used the money dishonestly and intentionally misrepresented his false housing, and now Barbara has to decide if Wilson should face disciplinary action, or even termination. However, Barbara needs to show empathy toward Wilson and consider the reasons why he felt obligated to defraud NewComm. Wilson felt that this money was being put to better use since he was helping more people with it instead of spending it to portray a better image of NewComm by living an extravagant lifestyle.From my perspective, the three alternatives for Barbara in this case are: i. For Barbara to give a probationary period to Wilson to correct his actions and find proper housing in keeping with NewComm’s image. He can move out of Old Town and into the â€Å"safer† neighborhood where the rest of his colleagues are residing. Although this is very unfair, he can also receive a pay cut to reimburse NewComm for the money he wrongfully took from the housing allowance allocation. ii.Since Barbara is the supervisor, she is allowed to change the company rules and can make a change in the housing allowance under special circumstances. She could add a provision in the housing allowance for employees to get approval to live in any neighborhood they choose to. Compared to the money that other employees in Rambia are receiving for housing, it would be unfair to pay Wilson less if he is choosing to live near his loved ones and helping his relatives. iii. The final alternative is for Barbara to terminate Wilson’s employment with NewComm.Philosopher Immanuel Kant considered moral rules categorical imperatives, meaning that they are absolute and unqualified commands for everyone, in every walk of life, without exception, not even for stressed professionals. Kant pursued moral principles that do not rest on likelihoods and that define actions as fundamentally right or wrong apart from any particular circumstances. A Kantian appro ach, which considers duty, fairness and rights, would force Barbara to terminate Wilson’s employment with NewComm, even though it would be unfair.It teaches a lesson to other employees to follow proper policies and procedures when it comes to contractual relationships with employers. Wilson did lie and defraud NewComm and for that Barbara can privately sit him down and explain all the reasons why he is being dismissed. For Kant the source of moral justification is the categorical imperative. In order for an act to be categorically imperative, it must be thought to be good in itself and in conformity to reason. Overall, Kant says what you care about simply doesn’t matter.Your duty is your duty, and you must do it whether or not you want to or not. Nothing exempts a moral agent from the demands of moral duty. The dilemma that is faced by Barbara can be solved with proper thought given to Utilitarian principles. Most of the utilitarian philosophers would want her to do th e â€Å"right† thing which would harm the least amount of people since utilitarianism takes into account everyone affected by the action, instead of self-interest only. Aristotle’s four virtues would want to ask about the moral standing of the people engaged in this case.The four virtues are prudence, justice, fortitude and temperance. Prudence, the cardinal virtue, would require Barbara to exercise sound judgment or apply practical wisdom. Prudence is an ethical excellence of heart and mind, displayed in an eagerness to seek and an ability to find the â€Å"just right† course of action, attaining the best outcome possible in the light of present circumstances. Another very applicable virtue is fortitude which ensures firmness in difficulties and constancy in doing the good. Fortitude is sometimes called strength or courage.Justice is another very important virtue; And Barbara could choose to be fair to Wilson and keep him with the company is he corrects his act ions, or better yet have the housing allowance rules changed so that every employee has the right to choose where they want to live. If Barbara were to follow Aristotle’s virtues, then she would think of the greater good and act with prudence, justice and fortitude. Aristotle would advise for Barbara to give a probationary period to Wilson to correct his actions and find proper housing in keeping with NewComm’s image.He can move out of Old Town and into the â€Å"safer† neighborhood where the rest of his colleagues are residing. In this case, Rawl’s theory of original position can also be used. Rawls proposes a set of Principles of Justice to be established through a thought-experiment, a kind of modern replacement for the philosophical state of nature. Basically, Rawls lets us imagine a situation where people are unaware of their own characteristics which may make given principles advantageous or disadvantageous to themselves.Through the veil of ignoranc e, people may then agree upon principles of justice independently of personal interests, meaning impartially and rationally. Those collectively decided principles should thus be socially fair. If Barbara is advised by Rawls, she can then look through the veil of ignorance to make this decision; it would most likely come out to that she terminate Wilson’s employment from NewComm. With the veil of ignorance she would have to look past Wilson helping his relatives and only look at the sham that Wilson committed.Personal knowledge of Wilson helping his relatives might tempt Barbara to select principles of justice that gave Wilson unfair advantage. Rawls claims that rational people will consistently adopt his principles of justice if their reasoning is based on general considerations, without knowing anything about their own personal situation. If Barbara is considering personal benefit over the greater good or the right thing to do then she might not be able to come to a clean an d honest conclusion.There are numerous practical constraints faced by Barbara in this situation. Barbara would have the live with whichever decision she makes regarding Wilson, if she chooses to fire him, she would have to live with the detestations from her inner self because Wilson’s relatives had gotten used to him providing for them and he was the bread winner for a lot of people. Now those people could be going hungry just because Barbara could not make changes to the policy and let Wilson work for NewComm.If Barbara were to let Wilson stay with company, the rest of the employees would think it is okay for them to also break company policy since the falsification by Wilson was taken too lightly. The action that should be taken by Barbara is to be fair to Wilson since he was trying to be a bigger person by helping his relatives and to payback his share to society. Barbara can be fair by amending the housing allowance and allowing for all the employees to receive the same $2,000 housing allowance for wherever they choose to reside. Barbara can show empathy toward Wilson nd consider the reasons why he felt obligated to defraud NewComm. Wilson felt that this money was being put to better use since he was helping more people with it instead of spending it to portray a better image of NewComm by living an extravagant lifestyle. Although, Wilson should also receive some sort of a reprimand for breaching the company policy and deceitfully misrepresenting his housing invoices. This decision is based on the four virtues of Aristotle and also the Utilitarian theory so she can help Wilson to help his relatives lead a better life. Read also: Disadvantages of Ethics in the Workplace